Theme Of Taming Of The Shrew - 1116 Words

The Taming of the Shrew: Moment Analysis Particular moments in William Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew have a special significance in regard to the overall meaning of the play. One such moment is when Petruchio and Katherine talk about â€Å"how bright and goodly shines the moon,† (Shakespeare 13). At this moment, the insistent Petruchio pressures Katherine to refer to the sun as the moon. After a brief tussle of wits, Petruchio acquiesces and agrees to adopt the line of thought forced on to her by Petruchio. This moment is captured in the YouTube video in which couple converses during a brief rest as they journey towards Padua to visit Petruchio’s father Baptista. One of the outstanding aspects of the video is that it projects†¦show more content†¦She poses a threat to the masculine nature of the society because she presents herself as an equal or even as superior to the men in the society. Therefore, it becomes necessary that she settles in a marriage with a man of Petruchio’s de meanor who can condition her transformation. From this perspective, marriage in the Victorian context is brought out as an institution that guarantees the taming of errant women. At the end of the play, Katherine has been completely transformed and is even more loyal to her husband than her previously coy sister. There is a sense in which the captured moment reveals the transformation that Katherine undergoes while in the green world. Notably, the dialogue takes place at some desolate spot that the video projects as a kind of a wasteland. Katherine has been away for some time and the transformation she has undergone is obvious to both the audience and the other characters. Soon after her marriage she moves to her matrimonial home where Petruchio deprives her of both food and sleep for several days (Shakespeare 17). The ordeal and other psychological afflictions that she incurs in the ‘green world’ force her to perceive of life from a new angle that underpins her transformation. Her rudeness has dissipated and she considers herself as a mentor to other women at the point when she gives a lengthy speech on the merits of wives’ obedience to their husbands. Evidently,Show MoreRelatedThemes in Taming of the Shrew1433 Words   |  6 PagesThe Taming of the Shrew is a comedy wri tten in the early 1590’s by William Shakespeare. This play within a play starts when a powerful lord plays a prank on a poor, drunken man named Christopher Sly. The lord convinces the poor man that he is actually a lord himself and that the troop of actors that have arrived are there to perform a play for him. This play that the troop of actors performs is the story of Petruchio, who wants to marry for money, and Katherina, the shrew. The two actually marryRead MoreThemes Of The Taming Of The Shrew 2145 Words   |  9 PagesThemes in The Taming Of The Shrew â€Å"How and why the themes have changed over time from Shakespeare’s time to modern day themes.† Themes shown: Love, social roles and societies expectations and deception. The text â€Å"The Taming of The Shrew† and â€Å"Ten Things I Hate About You† share a variety of different themes, ranging from love to deception and money. The themes within both stories have shown how society has evolved with its values with things like money and power. Men during the Shakespearian timesRead MoreTheme Of Taming Of The Shrew1008 Words   |  5 Pagesof â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew† is the fact that Katherine has to be married before her beautiful younger sister, Bianca, may be wedded. This is a problem because Katherine isn’t the prettiest woman and she is a â€Å"Shrew†. A shrew is an ill-tempered, aggressive, disobedient woman. The fact that Katherine is a shrew puts everybody off from marrying her. So the main conflict revolves around getting Katherine married. Some other conflicts that happen later on in the story would be â€Å"taming the shrew† by makingRead MoreTheme Of Petruchio In The Taming Of The Shrew840 Words   |  4 PagesThe Secret To Wed A Shrew Lust, wealth, and pride are undoubtedly insatiable. They are an impetus that drives one to embark on a challenging quest. However, when individuals become obsessed with them, they may even turn them into a villain. In William Shakespeare’s The Taming Of The Shrew, Petruchio is the villain that has all these insatiable curiosities. A male chauvinist, he is a boisterous nobleman from Verona who pursues Katherine even though he knows that she is fiery and obnoxious. DespiteRead MoreTheme Of Domestic Violence In Taming Of The Shrew908 Words   |  4 PagesTaming of the Shrew is a Shakespearean comedy about the relationship between the characters of Petruchio and Katherine.The main plot focuses on how Petruchio wishes to, and succeeds, marry Katherine -- who is known for her harshness-- and how Petruchio commands dominance over the â€Å"shrew†. Unfortunately domestic violence is the focus of the characters interactions but in order for one to enjoy the comedy, readers have to work to see from the â€Å"point of view of the abuser – that is they must minimizeRead MoreThe Power of Love in 10 Things I Hate About You and Taming of the Shrew1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe Power of Love in 10 Things I Hate About You and Taming of the Shrew The Power of Love is portrayed in various themes throughout both. Some of which depict superficial love, motivation by money and love-at-first-sight. These ideas can be contrasted and compared between the 1500 Elizabethan time of Shakespeares play The Taming of the Shrew and the present contemporary period of teenage movie 10 Thing IRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew Analysis1334 Words   |  6 Pagestoxic and destructive. Shakespeare’s 1590s play ‘The taming of the shrew’ is a representation of mainstream society views and ideologies of the Elizabethan era. The play display what woman should do and not do. The play is a precise preservation of how female and males acted towards one another and singularly. Since the play has first be released ideas and belief over certain genders and their roles have changed. The play ‘The taming of the shrew’ which once embodied a love story is now seen a misogynisticRead MoreAnalysis Of Taming Of The Shrew 908 Words   |  4 PagesTaming of the Shrew by William Shakespeare, the indication of a woman being the possession of her husband, and having to do everything that he proposes her to do is presented. Katherine has to acquire appropriate manners toward a man in advance before her sister Bianca can wed. Bianca wishes to marry one of her suitors/bachelors, but she can’t due to tradition because the older sister has to marry first. In 10 Things I Hate About You, a analogous argument, the notion of a girl requiring appropriateRead MoreTaming Of The Shrew And 10 Thing I Hate About You1063 Words   |  5 Pagesisn’t the only thing that is valuable in this world. Although in many film texts this is not the case. Particularly in â€Å"Taming of the Shrew† and â€Å"10 Thing I Hate About You† because in both of the films, the main male characters Patrick and Petruchio are predominantly motivated by money. However, they ended up falling for Kat and Katharina who have been set up as the archetypal shrews in both films. During the Elizabethan era money was a major factor that influenced society’s view of your personal wealthRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares Taming of the Shrew William Shakespeare’s romantic comedy, The Taming of1100 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeares Taming of the Shrew William Shakespeare’s romantic comedy, The Taming of the Shrew, is an embodiment of the context in which the text was shaped, the Renaissance. The Renaissance period was a time of progression, primarily in the areas of art, science, humanism, religion and self-awareness. The Renaissance focused on taking elements of the past including religion, art and science and adapting them to make them better. Humanists advocated for the freedom of the individuals

Effectiveness Of Phonological Awareness Interventions On...

Only one third of students in the U.S. are scoring at proficient levels on reading assessments. The data from 2013 to 2015 has remained relatively unchanged with one exception – children with intellectual disabilities reading scores have actually dropped (National Report Card, 2015). The purpose of this study was to determine if evidence-based reading interventions from the Florida Center for Reading Research (FCRR) would increase phoneme blending and segmenting skills in children who have intellectual disabilities. Two 1st grade special education students, ages 6 and 7, participated in an AB research design. Phoneme segmentation fluency and nonsense word fluency assessments (Dynamic Measurement Group, 2011) were completed at baseline and†¦show more content†¦IDEA also stated that any alternate assessment must be aligned to grade level standards (Towles-Reeves, Kleinart Muhomba, 2009). The research is expanding in the area of evidence-based reading interventions to i nclude children who have intellectual disabilities. Phonological awareness is gaining support as a critical element in reading instruction as shown in student performances using targeted intervention measures that align to the student’s instructional level and to reading standards (Lemons, Mrachko, Kostewicz, Paterra, 2012). Without explicit instruction in phonological awareness, a student will fall short in being able to understand the critical elements needed to read and will only be able to learn by memorization (Shankweiler Fowler, 2004). Based on these statistics, evidence-based reading interventions including phonological awareness must be included in reading instruction. The purpose of this study was to see the effect of evidence-based reading interventions that align with students’ instructional level and their achievement in literacy performance for first grade students who have intellectual disabilities (ID). The information presented focused on early lite racy development, phonological awareness, intellectualShow MoreRelatedThe Language Of A New Country And Culture2031 Words   |  9 PagesOnce families from Central America have immigrated to the United States of America, one of the first issues they will face is the language barrier. Acclimating to a new country and culture is already complicated; not being able to speak or read the native language adds to the challenges and demands immigrant families face. Six out of the seven Central American countries recognize Spanish as their official language, with Belize being the outlier having English as its official language. While the majorityRead MoreRti And An Rti Model Essay1999 Words   |  8 Pagesmight encounter when they begin an RTI model? ‘What is your vision for the future of UDL MTSS and RTI? Lastly, how is a referral for special education different for a student who was involved in the RTI model, versus a school without this model? First, I will begin with the term UDL is characterized and defined as a set of principles and techniques for use in the classroom and the design of accessible instructional materials. At its core is the assertion that when instructors increase the numberRead MoreImpact of Socioeconomic Status on Academic Performance4432 Words   |  18 Pagespersistent disparities, which are of a sizeable magnitude, present serious challenges to education policy makers as well as the educators. It is imperative to note that educational success is not only measured in test scores, but also in final grades, rates of dropping out, college entrance, and completion rates. Although this project mainly focuses on educational inequality in the United States, this is a problem experienced by many other developed countries. The focus on United States, howeverRead MoreCase Study for Autism13506 Words   |  55 Pagesthis study) who is thirteen years old. He is a tall caucasian male with blond hair, hazel eyes and an infectious smile. He was born on July 20, 1996. He is always moving, always fidgeting. He attends Middle School and is a student in the eighth grade. He is an avid horse rider and just won multiple ribbons in a recent regional horse show. He loves Christmas and will happily discuss the beauty of the seasonal decorations and his desire that it could stay Christmas everyday. This is also a young

Culture of Jamaica Free Essays

The first settlers of Jamaica called the land â€Å"Xaymaca† which means â€Å"Land of springs† (Pillai, 2013). It is said that this is where the name of the country came from. Jamaica is known for many things like its beaches, wildlife, and reggae music. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture of Jamaica or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jamaica has a mix of people from different races, religions, and countries so its culture is varied. Christopher Columbus discovered Jamaica in 1494, but people have in habited the island for thousands of years before. The Arawaks and Tainos are said to be the first ribes to settle on the island, between 4000 B. C. AND 1000 B. C. (Pillai, 2013). From 1494 to 1655, Jamaica was a Spanish colony. It was a British colony from 1655 to 1962. Jamaica was granted a new constitution in 1944 and gained universal suffrage. The country gained independence August 6, 1962 (Purcell, 2013). The population of Jamaica is 2,909,714 (FindTheData, 2013). 16. 5% of the population lives below the poverty line. Africans make up most of the Jamaican population. After Africans, many of the Jamaicans are multiracial and from Indian or Chinese decent (Pillai, 2013). English is the official language of Jamaica (Purcell, 2013). Jamaican Patois is the de facto national language of Jamaica, which is a Creole language (Pillai, 2013). It is the most commonly spoken language in the country. Many religions are practiced in Jamaica. Tainos, the first settlers, worshipped forces of nature like plants and animals. They believed in the God Yucahu and Goddess Atabey. They also worshipped good and evil spirits to prevent natural disasters (Pillai, 2013). Christianity made its way to the island with the colonizers. About 80% of Jamaicans are Christians. Rastafari developed in the 1920s in Jamaica. It is a â€Å"blend of Old Testament Christian faith, mystic beliefs, and African fundamentalist ideology. † The Rastas keep their hair long in dreadlocks, reject western society, and use marijuana spiritually (Pillai, 2013). Jamaicans have certain traditions and beliefs. A common birth rite is to bury the umbilical cord of a newborn baby, and usually a tree is planted over it, signifying that they are always connected to their birth place. Funerals are an important ritual to the Jamaicans. A big funeral is a sign ofa good life (Purcell, 2013). Nine Night is a Jamaican ceremony or funeral where friends and family sing, dance, and drink for eight nights then sing farewell songs on the ninth night. They rearrange the room of the deceased so their spirit will not recognize it and return. A last meal is set out under the silk-cotton tree, a hiding place for the spirits, for the diseased spirit (Pillai, 2013). Jamaican weddings are big, lavish, and family-oriented. Both families of the bride and groom meet before the wedding and friends start sending gifts like eggs for the cake (Pillai, 2013). Jamaican foods are usually hot and spicy. Their strong spices and herbs make heir dishes popular around the world. The national dish is the Ackee and Saltflsh. Spicy Jerk pork and Jerk chicken are very popular Jamaican cuisines. The national drink is Jamaican rum (Pillai, 2013). Rice is a ceremonial food. Curried goat meat is the main meal at parties, weddings, and tunerals (Purcell, 2 Jamaican attire is a combination of European and African style. Jamaican women wear brightly colored outfits of a skirt, top, and headscarf. Men wear brightly colored western-style clothes with short sleeves. Due to the humid weather, Jamaicans don’t wear heavy clothing; they prefer cotton clothing. Rastafarians wear clothes made of natural fibers. These clothes are always in their sacred colors of red, yellow, and green. â€Å"According to the Rastafarians, Red signifies the blood of the black people, Yellow stands for the gold that was stolen from Africa, and Green symbolizes the lost African lands† (Pillai, 2013). The also wear a tam or hat to go over their dreadlocks. The official currency of Jamaica is the Jamaican dollar (FindTheData, 2013). Manufacturing and services are the main sources of economy. Service includes tourism, which is a great contributor to the economy. Jamaica’s main trade allies are the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the Caribbean Economic Community. Major imports are consumer goods, construction hardware, electrical and telecommunication equipment, food, fuel, machinery, and transportation equipment. Jamaica’s major exports are bauxite and alumina, apparel, sugar, bananas, coffee, citrus and citrus products, rum, cocoa, and labor (Purcell, 2013). Jamaica’s gross domestic product (GDP) is $25,620,000,000. Their GDP per capita is $8,900, which is also the world average. Jamaica has a high inflation rate of 6. 9%. They also have a high unemployment rate of 14% (FindTheData, 2013). The country is in a bad economic situation. Jamaica has a bicameral parliamentary legislative system. They are a member of the British Commonwealth. The British monarch, the governor general, the prime minister and deputy prime minister, and the cabinet make up the executive branch. The Senate and the sixty members elected to the House of Representatives make up the legislative branch. The Judicial branch is the Supreme Court and lower courts. The main political parties are the People’s National Party and the Jamaica Labor Party Purcell, 2013). Sociologists would need to know about Jamaican custom to know what not to say or do around Jamaicans to not offend them. They would need to know some of Jamaican history which would let them know that there was much slavery and oppression during the colonial period. Jamaicans might get offended if this subject is brought up in the wrong manner. It would be wise for sociologists to know that the Jamaican Patois language is a symbol of defiance from European cultural authority (Purcell, 2013). Their Jamaican identity is very important to them. Their identity ncludes many things like their religion traditions and customs. How to cite Culture of Jamaica, Papers

Macroeconomic Issues Available in the Internet

Question: Describe about the macroeconomic issues with the help of some data available in the internet? Answer: Introduction The macroeconomic policies are the primary source of any economy to decide the path of its development, but it is the most complex issue of the World. The policies taken by the policy makers vary from country to country. It causes the economy to fluctuate as par the recession or boom faced by the economy. The country I have chosen here is United States. I will explain how the economy has grown from the year of 2004 to year of 2013 so that the unemployment, poverty, inflation rate, stability in prices, economic growth got affected over the stipulated time period. I will discuss here the ups and downs face by the economy of United States so that it affects the economys performance of the country (Cavoli Rajan, 2009). Macroeconomic performance Five type statistic like GDP constant price, GDP annual growth rate, real GDP per capital, unemployment rate and inflation rate to discuss the macroeconomic performance of the economy. The point to be noted is that the issue of migration is severe in that country. So the effect of this, along with the other variables also has to be taken into consideration while discussing the overall performance of the economy (Goh, 2004). The United Stated Economy The United Stated economy has triggered the fast forward economic growth from the 2000s. The economy has now become the first and foremost destination of the jobseekers and businessmen. This is sometimes beneficial for the economy as it increases the GDP produced within the geographical area of the economy. The real growth rate has been severely increased from 2004 to 2013 due to this. But the government is also very much infrastructural development oriented so that the urbanization of the country causes to add to the real GDP more than ever within this stipulated time period. But migration has affected it negatively so that it causes the economy to suffer from unemployment (Hoogendoorn, 2012). The United States has one of the most diversified and most technologically advanced economies in the world. Finance, insurance, real estate, rental, leasing, health care, social assistance, professional, business and educational services account for more than 40 percent of GDP. Retail and whol esale trade creates another 12 percent of the wealth. The government related services fuel 13 percent of GDP. Utilities, transportation and warehousing and information account for 10 percent of the GDP. Manufacturing, mining, and construction constitute 17 percent of the output. Agriculture accounts for only 1.5 percent of the GDP, yet due to use of advance technologies, the United States is a net exporter of food. Economy Strategy United States has mainly adopted an export oriented policy framework. It finances most of the foreign direct investment used in the economy. It causes to the economy to urbanize itself and it helps to make a significant status in the map of the worlds economy. United States has no natural resource. In spite of this, the development it achieved causes the economy to step forward to the industrialization to keep the pace of the growth unchanged. The strategies taken by the government of United States can be divided in three ways (Huff, 1994). The strategic role of the government An uninterrupted development of the infrastructure ('Issue Information', 2015) The mobilization of human capital The country taking these above three strategies together has confronted massive growth of development. In the previous period it used to earn the national income by using the semi-skilled labour force and the physical capital used to develop the infrastructure to make the country urbanized like the western countries. Now as time passes, the country emphasizes to develop a huge amount of infrastructural development so that the economies will try to make the workers highly skilled so that they can use them as another capital named human capital in their own industrialization process (Kang Leong, 2012). Production Output Performance Analysis United States is the first choice now for the investors. They try to exploit the economys resources to develop their own business. This inflow of finance from the global investors also benefitted United States. Here the political dimension of the globalized economy has emerged. It needs the stabilization of the political environment of the economy which is highly noticed in United States. And no doubt, this is an added advantage for the economy to flourish further. The reason is quite obvious. It results in ample time to implement a policy and can give good observational period. If the political stability is not maintained over a country, the government will be changed frequently and it will cause to change the policies it would have taken as economic policies unfortunately varies over political ideologies. Now frequent change in policies cannot implement them properly within short time period. So, effects of the different kind of economic policies result in totally ambiguous policie s. What we can observe in case of United States is its stable political situation has positively affected the economy towards development thus adding dollars to the gross domestic product of the economy (Lovelock, 2001). As we have said above the economy is mostly export oriented. The major part of the Gross Domestic Product comes from the trading business it does with its partners internationally. The economy mostly exported electronics and chemical goods to the foreign countries. American economy has ample natural resources. It is mostly a natural resource abundant country. So no doubt it has a lot of opportunity to develop it makes difficult to the economy to suffer without water as it is also scarce in that country. So they buy it too. The chart above shows the trend in GDP at constant prices of the US for the years 2004-2013. GDP at constant prices is calculated by the total expenditure of the goods and services within an economy for a specified period of time. The GDP of the US is recorded by the World Bank. In the year 2013, the GDP at constant prices was 15500.2 USD Billion and that in the year 2004 the GDP at constant prices was 13706.2 USD Billion of the US. The GDP at constant prices has increased over the years except for the year 2009 where it declined due to the global economic crisis. What we can observe in the above diagram is that the economy has a consistent fall in the Gross Domestic Product Annual Growth Rate over the years. In the year of 2008, 2009 it was even negative. The reason is probably the severity of the recession experienced by the economy. We can better understand by a diagrammatic representation of the diagram. There is a huge fall in the GDP growth rate of the economy of US in the year of the 2009. If we minutely observe that even in the year of 2004 it had more growth rate than it achieved in the year of 2013. There was a consistent fall from the year 2004 to 2007. But after 2007 a sharp fall has been noticed. But here point to be noted that it is severely increased from 2009 to 2010. But after that it has been slightly decreased in 2011. The reason may be the aftershock of the recession. The GDP per capita is obtained by dividing the GDP with the population of the country which is adjusted by the inflation. The GDP per capita was recorded to be 45863.02 US dollars in the year 2013 in the US and it was recorded to be the highest. The graph below shows that the GDP per capita in the US has been increasing over the years except for the year 2010 which is mainly due to the global economic crisis. The chart below shows the trend in GDP per capita in the US for the years 2004-2013. Labour Market Analysis Now we discuss the unemployment rate of the United Stated economy from 2004 to 2013. Here point to be noted that United States itself is not a population abandoned country but as the economy grows, the migration from the other countries created a severe problem regarding employment in this country. The people migrated from other countries are obviously either job seekers or students. Now as United States majorly adopts a capital intensive production technique so that the people migrated here for seeking job are obviously skilled ones who make an added advantage to the human capital of United States. Now as the investors as well as the owner of the firms are not at all bothered about the economic situation, they are solely interested to their profit. And it is quite natural as they are not nonprofit organization, so they will hardly take care of the social impact of their activities as well as the macroeconomic consequences of the event. So what we can observe in the above that the government of United States has taken proper policy so that the unemployment rate is getting decreased in the economy. It had been increased again in 2009 suddenly, but ultimately it has been controlled by the government. Here point to be noted that though US is the tenth largest economy as per the per capita GDP growth rate of the economy, still, its unemployment rate is quite high in spite of being one of the most developed economies of the world. In the recession period there has been huge unemployment which is noticed during 2009-2010 (Stater Wenger, 2015). Now in United States it has been observed that the people migrated their get huge facilities to study over there too. So, from the growing stage of the human capital the natives are getting exploited. The capital intensive techniques demand more of skilled labour which they mostly higher from the migrated people. In case of unskilled labour demand the native people gets hired. On the other way, as the higher study is also easier for the migrated students, the native students remain unskilled and the salary structure in the firms demoralizes them further to make higher studies. So, the people of the country itself remain more unskilled so that they will make a smaller contribution to their own countries economic growth. Price Level Analysis For the inflationary behaviour of the economy, first we explain the term inflation. Then follow by macroeconomic reasons behind the occurrence of it and macroeconomic consequences, how the economy of United States is getting affected, can be picturized ('Referees for July 2012-June 2013', 2013). Inflation observed in any economy is majorly of two types- demand pull inflation and cost push inflation (Risa, n.d.). Demands pull inflation: Increase in price of the product due to increase in demand of that Reasons: If money supply M remains constant or increases smaller than that of price P, M/P increases, which results inflation. If population increases, it creates it creates excess demand which causes inflation (Sng, 2010) Cost Push Inflation: Increase in price of the product due to increase in price of the factor inputs If factor price increase, production cost will increase, thereby causing increase in the price level An increase in wage-rate for either excess labour demand or the collective bargaining of the trade-union (Sng Chia, 2010) It mostly influences the economy as cost of consumption increases, the depreciation of capital goods of the economy began to increase, and this is the ultimate results of the inflation which affects the American economy as a whole. What we can observe along the years in the US economy as par the inflation occurred there is represented tabular form in the following. Here we majorly analyse the inflation with respect to the consumer price index. It majorly had been constructed considering the goods and services for the consumption of household. So the changes on those goods and services considered in that construction affect the purchasing power parity of the consumers of United States. Thus inflation makes people to feel poorer as the value of the income decreases thus affecting their welfare also (Sugimoto, 2011). Here in the above diagram we can see that there are huge ups and downs of the inflation rate in the last few years. From the 2004 to 2008 the volatility was on an average consistent. Here point to be noted among the last few years i.e. within the year of 2004 to 2008, the maximum inflation has been observed in the year of 2008. It was 3.8 percent. But after that a sharp fall has been noticed. In 2009, there was economic recession observed in the economy. So what we can observe in the diagram is that there is a sharp fall in the inflation rate in that year. Not only that, it was negative during the recession period. Now the thing is that in the recession period the income of the people falls. So the demand for the goods and services falls. So, price falls due to the excess supply occurring in the economy, as the gap between the demand and supply decreases. Conclusion Here we have described the macroeconomic issues with the help of some data available in the internet. But here point to be noted that, it is an aggregate level analysis. So, if we consider the disaggregate level, we may see any other results. For example, the analysis regarding the level of unemployment is totally dependent upon the overall population of the economy which includes migrated people as well as natives. So, if it is tried to analyse them separately we may see the result other way, i.e., then the actual picture can be understood about the discrimination among the native people and the migrated ones. But in case of productivity analysis, it has been undoubtedly developed so much so that from travel and tourism department to the manufacturing industry it has been the foremost destination for all the job providers to job seekers, and even for the tourists and travellers (Underhill, 2009).